The term "superdominant" is used primarily in French and Italian music theory to refer to the sixth scale degree, otherwise known as the submediant. It derives from the fact that the submediant is a third above the subdominant, which is the fourth scale degree.
In English music theory, the more common term for the sixth scale degree is submediant, because it is halfway ("mediant") between the tonic and subdominant. However, superdominant can also be used to refer to the same scale degree.
Essentially, both terms reflect the same concept: the sixth scale degree, which is a whole tone above the subdominant. The term superdominant emphasizes its position above the dominant, while submediant describes its position below the mediant.
That tone that is one step above the dominant of a key; the submediant.
In addition, you can familiarize yourself with the terms:
- [English] scale
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