Meaning of Recitative in Music
Recitative is a type of singing that is most often used in opera and oratorio. It is characterized by the soloist adopting the rhythm and delivery of ordinary speech to move the plot forward. Unlike the more formal aria form in opera, which prioritizes complex melody, rhythm, harmony, and instrumentation, recitative focuses on advancing the action of the opera or oratorio.
Recitative is a rhythmically free vocal style that imitates the natural inflections of speech. It is used for dialogue and narrative in music. The vocalist is guided by the free rhythm of the words, so the instrumental accompaniment is fairly minimal.
The term "recitative" comes from the Italian word "recitativo," which means "to recite" or "to read aloud." It goes back to the Latin word "recitare" with the same meaning.
Types of Recitative
There are different types of recitative in opera, each with its own characteristics:
1. **Recitativo secco**: This is the simplest and most recognizable type of recitative. It features a vocalist accompanied by a continuo, typically a harpsichord or a fortepiano. The accompaniment is sparse, and the vocalist follows the natural rhythm of the text. An example of recitativo secco can be found in Rossini's opera "Il Barbiere di Siviglia".
2. **Recitativo accompagnato**: This type of recitative is accompanied by a full orchestra. The musical tempo varies with the words being sung or spoken, creating a more dramatic effect. The accompaniment is more prominent and expressive compared to recitativo secco. An example of recitativo accompagnato can be found in Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni".
Role of Recitative in Opera and Oratorio
Recitative plays a crucial role in opera and oratorio. It is used to carry the dialogue and advance the action of the plot. While arias are melodic and expressive songs, recitatives are meant to move the plot along or provide additional information in the story. In early operas, recitative was often used to communicate the emotions of the text, while in later operas, the expression of emotion was left to the arias.
In oratorios and cantatas, recitative serves a similar function of advancing the narrative or describing the action. It helps to connect the different musical moments and move the story forward between the high musical moments.
Examples of Recitative in Music
- In Rossini's opera "Il Barbiere di Siviglia," there are several examples of recitative, both secco and accompagnato. One example is the recitative "Listen to this section from Rossini's Il Barbiere di Siviglia, beginning around 23:00".
- In Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni," there are also examples of recitative, including the recitative of Donna Elvira.
- Beethoven used instrumental recitative in several of his works, including Piano Sonata No. 17 (The Tempest), Piano Sonata No. 31, and the opening section of the Finale of his Ninth Symphony.
Conclusion
Recitative is a type of singing in opera and oratorio that adopts the rhythm and delivery of ordinary speech to move the plot forward. It is characterized by its free rhythm, minimal instrumental accompaniment, and focus on advancing the action of the opera or oratorio. There are different types of recitative, including recitativo secco and recitativo accompagnato, each with its own characteristics and role in the music.
A French term for recitative.
In addition, you can familiarize yourself with the terms:
- [German] Rezitativ (n)
- [Italian] recitative
- [Italian] recitativo (m)
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