Definition of Atonal Music
Atonal music refers to a style of music that lacks a tonal center or key and deviates from traditional tonal harmony. In atonal music, there is no clear hierarchy of harmonies or a central pitch that serves as a reference point. Instead, the notes of the chromatic scale function independently of each other, and the harmonies are not based on traditional tonal relationships found in classical music.
Origins and Examples of Atonal Music
The atonal style of music emerged in the early 20th century, with composer Arnold Schoenberg at the forefront of the genre. Schoenberg advocated for 12-tone music, where each of the 12 tones in the chromatic scale is played only in relation to each other, rather than in relation to a fixed key. This means that there is no fixed focal point in atonal music, as each note is given equal importance.
An example of atonal music is Arnold Schoenberg's "Pierrot Lunaire," a song cycle composed in 1912. This work uses a technique called Sprechstimme or spoken singing, and the music is atonal, meaning that there is no clear tonal center or key. The result is a dissonant and jarring sound that is quite different from the harmonies found in tonal music.
Other composers who followed in Schoenberg's footsteps include Alban Berg and Anton Webern. Their works, such as Berg's opera "Wozzeck" and Webern's "Klavierstück," are also examples of atonal compositions.
Characteristics of Atonal Music
Atonal music is characterized by several key features:1. **Absence of tonal center**: Atonal music does not have a central pitch or tonal center that serves as a reference point.2. **Equal importance of all pitches**: In atonal music, each note is given equal importance, and there is no hierarchy of harmonies based on traditional tonal relationships.3. **Dissonance and jarring sound**: Atonal music often sounds dissonant and may create a sense of tension or unease due to the lack of traditional tonal harmonies.
It is important to note that the term "atonality" is relative, and even in atonal compositions, there may be fragmentary passages where tonal centers seem to exist.
In summary, atonal music is a style of music that breaks away from traditional tonal harmony and lacks a tonal center or key. It is characterized by the absence of functional harmony, equal importance given to all pitches, and a dissonant sound. Arnold Schoenberg and his works, such as "Pierrot Lunaire," played a significant role in the development of atonal music .
See atonality.
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