Just Intonation in Music
Just intonation is a system of tuning in music where the intervals of a scale are based on simple ratios of whole numbers. In this system, the correct size of intervals is determined by adding or subtracting pure natural thirds and fifths. These intervals occur between the fourth and fifth, and second and third tones of the natural harmonic series. Just intonation is characterized by its pure and consonant harmonies, as the intervals are based on simple ratios that are recognized as consonant by the human auditory system.
Difference from Equal Temperament
The most common alternative to just intonation is equal temperament, which is the tuning system used in most Western music. In equal temperament, the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. This allows for easy modulation between different keys but sacrifices the purity of intervals found in just intonation. Equal temperament divides the octave into equal steps, resulting in slightly compromised intervals that are not based on simple ratios. This compromise allows for greater flexibility in playing in different keys and enables the use of fixed-pitch instruments like the piano. However, it can result in intervals that are slightly out of tune compared to the pure intervals of just intonation.
Practicality and Challenges
While just intonation offers pure and consonant harmonies, it presents challenges in practical application. Composing and performing music in just intonation requires careful attention to the relationships between different notes and intervals. This can be complex and time-consuming, as composers need to consider how each note relates to every other note. However, composers like Ben Johnston and Toby Twining have been successfully composing in just intonation for many years, demonstrating that it is possible with dedication and expertise.
Aesthetic Experience
The aesthetic experience of just intonation is often described as tranquil, calm, and pure. Some listeners may perceive just-intonation chords as more passive and calming compared to equal-tempered chords, which can have a more active and intense quality. This perception may be influenced by the familiarity and exposure to equal temperament in Western music. Just intonation chords require listeners to slow down and actively engage with the music to fully appreciate the subtle nuances of the intervals.
In conclusion, just intonation is a system of tuning in music that prioritizes pure and consonant intervals based on simple ratios of whole numbers. While it presents challenges in practical application, it offers a unique and aesthetically pleasing musical experience.
A manner of tuning in which the intervals are tuned so that they do not beat (2). In keyboard tuning, this means that the fifths are tuned very small in order to make most of the thirds pure.
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